The objective is to reveal the influence of the concentration of fragrances on salivary biomarkers , which reflect the human stress system, in 15 female young healthy adults. Lavandula officinalis and Citrus aurantium were used as the test samples.
Salivary biomarkers such as alpha-amylase activity (AMY), cortisol (CORT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured during baseline, inhalation and post-inhalation periods.
Our results indicated that (i) a significant difference was not observed for the control and the 3 wt% test samples, however, the alpha-amylase was decreased by inhalation of the 1 wt% test samples (P < 0.05); (ii) AMY levels changed more significantly than did the hormone levels; (iii) a tendency of negative correlation was not observed between DHEA and CORT. It was considered that the time-course change of alpha-amylase might be a useful index of the inhalation of fragrances, which reflects the acute psychosomatic reactivity of humans
Monday
Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research.
University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Zurich, Switzerland. u.nater@psychologie.uzh.ch
Development of new biomarkers is a constantly evolving field of research endeavor in psychoneuroendocrinology. Salivary biomarkers have received special attention since they are readily accessible and easily obtained. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been proposed as a sensitive biomarker for stress-related changes in the body that reflect the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and a growing body of research is accumulating to support the validity and reliability of this parameter. However, questions remain to be answered before Salivary alpha-amylase sAA can be accepted as an index of SNS activity. This review describes sAA as an emerging biomarker for stress and provides an overview of the current literature on stress-related alterations in Salivary alpha-amylase sAA. It critically discusses how sAA might reflect changes in the autonomic nervous system. Finally, current and future fields for the application of sAA measurement are outlined.
Development of new biomarkers is a constantly evolving field of research endeavor in psychoneuroendocrinology. Salivary biomarkers have received special attention since they are readily accessible and easily obtained. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been proposed as a sensitive biomarker for stress-related changes in the body that reflect the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and a growing body of research is accumulating to support the validity and reliability of this parameter. However, questions remain to be answered before Salivary alpha-amylase sAA can be accepted as an index of SNS activity. This review describes sAA as an emerging biomarker for stress and provides an overview of the current literature on stress-related alterations in Salivary alpha-amylase sAA. It critically discusses how sAA might reflect changes in the autonomic nervous system. Finally, current and future fields for the application of sAA measurement are outlined.
Saturday
Amylase {alpha}-2A Autoantibodies: Novel Marker of Autoimmune Pancreatitis and Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
Objective: The pathogenesis of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1DM) remains unclear, although it is known that immune-mediated processes severely compromise the endocrine and exocrine functions in both diseases. Methods: We have screened a lambdaTriplEx2 human pancreas cDNA library with serum from a patient with AIP and obtained positive clones. Sequence analysis revealed that seven out of 10 clones were identical to human amylase alpha-2A. Using a recombinant C-terminal amylase alpha-2A protein, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system to detect autoantibodies against human amylase alpha-2A. Results: All 15 serum samples from patients with AIP recognized the recombinant protein, while sera from 25 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis and sera from 25 patients with a pancreas tumor did not. Interestingly, 88% (15/17) of patients with FT1DM were positive for an autoantibody against amylase alpha-2A. These antibodies were detected in 21% of patients with acute-onset type 1 diabetes (AT1DM, 9/42) and 6% of type 2 diabetic patients (4/67). Conclusions: These results suggest that an autoantibody against amylase alpha-2A is a novel diagnostic marker for both AIP and FT1DM, and that clinically and immunologically, AIP and FT1DM are closely related.
Endo T, Takizawa S, Tanaka S, Takahashi M, Fujii H, Kamisawa T, Kobayashi T.
Diabetes. 2008 Nov 10
Endo T, Takizawa S, Tanaka S, Takahashi M, Fujii H, Kamisawa T, Kobayashi T.
Diabetes. 2008 Nov 10
Friday
An investigation of the bacteriocinogenic potential of lactic acid bacteria associated with wheat (Triticum durum) kernels and non-conventional flours
One hundred and thirty-seven lactic acid bacteria (LAB), previously isolated from wheat (Triticum durum) grains and non-conventional flour samples, were tested for the production of antibacterial substances. A total of 16 strains (5 Enterococcus faecium, 5 Enterococcus mundtii, 4 Pediococcus pentosaceus, 1 Lactobacillus coryniformis and 1 Lactococcus garvieae) were found to inhibit the growth of Listeria innocua. The antibacterial activities were preliminarily investigated for their general behaviour with proteolytic (proteinase K, protease B and trypsin), amylolytic (-amylase) and lipolytic (lipase) enzymes, after heat treatment, and exposure to different pHs and ethanol concentrations. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) were also characterized for their inhibition spectra against non-pathogenic and pathogenic food-associated and human pathogenic bacteria. LAB showing the best characteristics in terms of inhibition spectrum, inhibition activity and mode of action (bactericidal) belonged to the species Ent. mundtii. The high percentage (11.68%) of BLIS-producing strains detected confirmed previous observations that raw materials may harbour higher numbers of bacteriocinogenic LAB than fermented foods.
ARTICLE
ARTICLE
Thursday
Salivary-Amylase: A Measure Associated with Satiety and Subsequent Food Intake in Humans
Food intake regulation in humans involves various central and peripheral mechanisms. In this study salivary amylase was examined for functioning as a measure of satiety and food intake. In a 1.25-h session, 32 fasted subjects were given a preload of starch-based custard (849 kJ) followed by ad libitum intake of this custard. Before and after preload intake and after ad libitum consumption, both satiety ratings and -amylase were analysed. Perceived satiety and -amylase were increased after preload and ad libitum consumption. Across subjects, the individual amount of ad libitum intake was negatively correlated to -amylase levels before this intake, whereas it was positively associated with -amylase activity after ad libitum consumption. In conclusion, salivary -amylase systematically increases upon food consumption and satiation, and serves therefore as a potential measure of satiety and subsequent food intake.
Lucien F. Harthoorna
TI Food and Nutrition (WCFS), P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
Wageningen UR, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Centre for Innovative Consumer Studies, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Article
Lucien F. Harthoorna
TI Food and Nutrition (WCFS), P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
Wageningen UR, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Centre for Innovative Consumer Studies, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Article
Wednesday
Lipase and total amylase and its isoenzymes as markers of pancreatic injury in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs
Objective: The study of the serum lipase and total amylase and its isoenzymes as biochemical markers of pancreatic injury in patients treated with valproic acid and other enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs .
Method: The serum activities of lipase and total amylase and its isoenzymes were determined in 41 patients treated in monotherapy with valproic acid, 50 patients in mono/polytherapy with phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine, and 30 healthy controls.
Results: In the first group of patients a clinically significant difference in relation to the control group was not obtained for any of the enzyme activities studied; however, in the group of patients treated with enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs clinically significant differences were obtained for lipase and pancreatic amylase . In this group of patients, the activity of pancreatic amylase was clearly increased in two cases (4%), suggesting the existence of a pancreatic damage. In the patients studied, the total amylase showed a poor specificity as a biochemical marker for pancreatic injury, and the greater serum activity observed in one case corresponds to an increase of the salivar isoenzyme. The sensitivity of the lipase is smaller than amylase pancreatic isoenzyme.
Conclusions: In patients treated with antiepileptic drugs, the determination of the pancreatic isoenzyme of amylase would be of interest even in absence of clinical signs for acute pancreatitis.
Method: The serum activities of lipase and total amylase and its isoenzymes were determined in 41 patients treated in monotherapy with valproic acid, 50 patients in mono/polytherapy with phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine, and 30 healthy controls.
Results: In the first group of patients a clinically significant difference in relation to the control group was not obtained for any of the enzyme activities studied; however, in the group of patients treated with enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs clinically significant differences were obtained for lipase and pancreatic amylase . In this group of patients, the activity of pancreatic amylase was clearly increased in two cases (4%), suggesting the existence of a pancreatic damage. In the patients studied, the total amylase showed a poor specificity as a biochemical marker for pancreatic injury, and the greater serum activity observed in one case corresponds to an increase of the salivar isoenzyme. The sensitivity of the lipase is smaller than amylase pancreatic isoenzyme.
Conclusions: In patients treated with antiepileptic drugs, the determination of the pancreatic isoenzyme of amylase would be of interest even in absence of clinical signs for acute pancreatitis.
Friday
Detection of salivary alpha-amylase and lysozyme exposed on the pellicle formed in situ on different materials
Amylase and lysozyme are components of the salivary pellicle, exposing considerable enzymatic activity in the immobilized state. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the influence of different solid substrata on the amount and distribution of amylase and lysozyme exposed on the surface of the salivary pellicle formed in situ.
Slabs of titanium, feldspar ceramic, and bovine enamel were fixed on the buccal sites of individual splints worn by three subjects for 3 or 30 min, respectively, to allow pellicle formation. Subsequently, slabs were removed from the splints and rinsed with running water. Detection of amylase and lysozyme was performed by FEI-SEM after gold-immunolabeling of the enzymes.
Both enzymes were found to be distributed randomly at the pellicle surface. Irrespective of formation time and substratum, significantly more labeled lysozyme molecules (5.23 +/- 4.5 microm(-2)) were detected compared with amylase (3.4 +/- 2.9 microm(-2)). Neither the substratum nor the pellicle formation time had significant impact on the amount of the respective enzyme that could be detected. This study for the first time provides evidence, that amylase and lysozyme are exposed at the surface of the salivary pellicle formed in situ on titanium and ceramics. Both enzymes are distributed randomly on the surface of the pellicle, irrespective of the underlying substratum.
PMID: 17380501 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Street 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany. christian.hannig@uniklinik-freiburg.de
Slabs of titanium, feldspar ceramic, and bovine enamel were fixed on the buccal sites of individual splints worn by three subjects for 3 or 30 min, respectively, to allow pellicle formation. Subsequently, slabs were removed from the splints and rinsed with running water. Detection of amylase and lysozyme was performed by FEI-SEM after gold-immunolabeling of the enzymes.
Both enzymes were found to be distributed randomly at the pellicle surface. Irrespective of formation time and substratum, significantly more labeled lysozyme molecules (5.23 +/- 4.5 microm(-2)) were detected compared with amylase (3.4 +/- 2.9 microm(-2)). Neither the substratum nor the pellicle formation time had significant impact on the amount of the respective enzyme that could be detected. This study for the first time provides evidence, that amylase and lysozyme are exposed at the surface of the salivary pellicle formed in situ on titanium and ceramics. Both enzymes are distributed randomly on the surface of the pellicle, irrespective of the underlying substratum.
PMID: 17380501 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Street 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany. christian.hannig@uniklinik-freiburg.de
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